The word “whom” often strikes fear into the hearts of many English speakers, conjuring images of grammar quizzes and red-penned essays. It’s a pronoun that, despite its relatively infrequent use in casual conversation, plays a crucial role in formal writing and speech, serving as the objective case of “who.” Understanding its meaning and proper application is key to achieving grammatical precision and clarity in your communication.
At its core, “whom” signifies the recipient of an action or the object of a preposition. It answers the question “to whom?” or “by whom?” making it an essential tool for indicating who is being acted upon. Think of it as the grammatical counterpart to “him” or “her,” directly receiving the verb’s impact or following a preposition.
The distinction between “who” and “whom” hinges on their grammatical function within a sentence: “who” is subjective, acting as the subject performing an action, while “whom” is objective, serving as the object that action is directed towards. This fundamental difference dictates when and how each pronoun should be used.
Understanding the Grammatical Role of “Whom”
Grammatically, “whom” is a personal pronoun that functions as an object. This object can be either the direct object of a verb or the indirect object of a verb. It can also be the object of a preposition.
When “whom” is the direct object, it directly receives the action of the verb. For instance, in the sentence “The committee selected whom for the award?”, “whom” is the direct object of the verb “selected.” The committee performed the action of selecting, and “whom” is the entity being selected.
As an indirect object, “whom” indicates to whom or for whom something is done. Consider the sentence, “She gave the book to whom?”. Here, “whom” is the indirect object, representing the recipient of the book.
Perhaps the most common usage of “whom” is as the object of a preposition. This means “whom” directly follows a preposition such as “to,” “for,” “with,” “by,” or “about.” The sentence “To whom should I address this letter?” clearly illustrates this. “To” is the preposition, and “whom” is its object.
The “He/Him” or “She/Her” Test: A Practical Approach
A widely recommended and effective method for determining whether to use “who” or “whom” involves a simple substitution test. This technique leverages the fact that “who” is to “I” or “he” as “whom” is to “me” or “him.” If you can replace the pronoun in question with “he” or “she” and the sentence still makes grammatical sense, then “who” is likely the correct choice. Conversely, if replacing it with “him” or “her” results in a grammatically sound sentence, then “whom” is the appropriate pronoun.
Let’s apply this to a common scenario. Imagine you’re trying to decide between “Who is coming to the party?” and “Whom is coming to the party?”. If you rephrase the question as a statement, you might ask, “He is coming to the party.” Since “he” (a subjective pronoun) fits, the original question should use “who.”
Now consider a different example: “The prize was awarded to who?” or “The prize was awarded to whom?”. If you try the substitution, you might say, “The prize was awarded to him.” Since “him” (an objective pronoun) fits, the original question should use “whom.” This test is a reliable way to navigate the complexities of pronoun case.
“Whom” in Questions
Questions present a particularly common area where confusion between “who” and “whom” arises. The key is to identify the grammatical role of the pronoun within the question, even when the word order is inverted.
When the pronoun is the subject of the verb in the question, you should use “who.” For example, “Who is responsible for this project?” Here, “who” is performing the action of being responsible.
However, when the pronoun is the object of the verb or a preposition within the question, “whom” is required. Consider, “With whom did you speak?” The preposition “with” governs “whom,” making it the object.
Another example demonstrating “whom” as a direct object in a question is: “Whom did the manager praise?” The manager praised someone, and that “someone” is represented by “whom.”
“Whom” in Embedded Clauses
“Whom” also plays a vital role in embedded clauses, which are clauses that function as a part of a larger sentence. In these instances, the pronoun’s function within its own clause dictates its form.
If the pronoun is the subject of the embedded clause, use “who.” For example, “I need to find the student who can solve this problem.” In the embedded clause “who can solve this problem,” “who” is the subject of “can solve.”
Conversely, if the pronoun is the object within the embedded clause, “whom” is the correct choice. Take the sentence, “She is the artist whom I admire.” The embedded clause is “whom I admire.” Within this clause, “whom” is the direct object of the verb “admire” (I admire whom).
This principle extends to prepositions within embedded clauses as well. “This is the person about whom we were talking.” The embedded clause is “whom we were talking.” The preposition “about” takes “whom” as its object.
Common Misuses and How to Avoid Them
The incorrect usage of “who” instead of “whom” is one of the most frequent grammatical errors encountered. This often happens in informal speech where the distinction is frequently blurred or ignored altogether.
A classic example of misuse is saying, “Who did you give the book to?” While common, the grammatically correct form, especially in formal writing, would be “To whom did you give the book?” or “Whom did you give the book to?”. The “him/her” test helps here: “I gave the book to him.” Therefore, “whom” is correct.
Another common pitfall is using “whom” when “who” is actually needed because the pronoun is the subject. For instance, saying “Whom is calling?” is incorrect. The correct phrasing is “Who is calling?” because “who” is the subject of the verb “is calling.”
To avoid these errors, consistently apply the “he/him” or “she/her” substitution test. This simple yet powerful technique can help you navigate the complexities of pronoun case with greater confidence. Pay close attention to the grammatical function of the pronoun within its specific clause.
The Evolution of “Whom” in Modern English
It’s worth noting that the usage of “whom” has been declining in informal spoken English for decades. Many native speakers find it overly formal or even archaic, opting for “who” in situations where strict grammar would dictate “whom.”
This shift reflects broader changes in language, where efficiency and natural flow often take precedence over strict adherence to older grammatical rules. The prescriptive rules surrounding “whom” can feel cumbersome to many.
However, in formal writing, academic contexts, legal documents, and professional communication, the correct use of “whom” remains important and is often expected. Maintaining grammatical accuracy in these settings demonstrates attention to detail and a command of the language. It signals a level of polish and professionalism.
Examples of “Whom” in Action
Let’s explore a variety of sentences to solidify your understanding of “whom.” These examples span different grammatical structures and contexts.
“She asked whom she should invite.” Here, “whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to invite” within the embedded clause. The implied subject of “invite” is “she.”
“The award ceremony honored the individuals whom have made significant contributions.” In this sentence, “whom” acts as the object of the preposition “to” (implied in “honored the individuals to whom have made…”). However, a more common and grammatically sound phrasing would be “The award ceremony honored the individuals who have made significant contributions.” This highlights how context and sentence construction can influence the choice, and sometimes “who” is indeed correct even in seemingly complex structures if it functions as the subject of the relative clause. The key is to analyze the function *within the relative clause*. In “who have made significant contributions,” “who” is the subject of “have made.”
“For whom is this gift intended?” This is a clear example of “whom” as the object of the preposition “for.” The gift is intended for someone.
“Whom are you referring to?” This sentence uses “whom” as the object of the preposition “to.” The action of referring is directed towards someone.
“He is a politician whom many people distrust.” Within the relative clause “whom many people distrust,” “whom” is the direct object of the verb “distrust.” The people distrust whom.
“The committee will decide whom to nominate for president.” Here, “whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to nominate.” The committee will nominate someone.
“It is important to understand whom you are speaking with.” The pronoun “whom” is the object of the preposition “with.” You are speaking with someone.
“We need to identify the candidate whom the board has selected.” The relative clause is “whom the board has selected.” “Whom” is the direct object of “selected.” The board has selected whom.
“The professor thanked the students whom had assisted her.” In the relative clause “whom had assisted her,” “whom” functions as the subject of the verb “assisted.” The students assisted her. Therefore, “who” would be the correct pronoun here: “The professor thanked the students who had assisted her.” This illustrates the importance of careful analysis.
“Could you tell me whom you met at the conference?” Within the embedded question “whom you met at the conference,” “whom” is the direct object of the verb “met.” You met whom.
“He finally met the author about whom he had read so much.” The prepositional phrase is “about whom.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “about.”
“The manager asked for the names of those whom she believed were responsible.” In the relative clause “whom she believed were responsible,” “whom” is the subject of the verb “were responsible.” She believed whom were responsible. This is a complex structure, and “who” is often used colloquially here, but strictly speaking, if “whom” is understood as the object of “believed” (she believed them to be responsible), then “whom” is correct. However, if the focus is on “were responsible,” then “who” is the subject. The most straightforward analysis in this context often leads to “who.”
“Whom shall we send to represent our company?” This is a direct question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “send.” We shall send whom.
“She is the person whom I believe deserves the promotion.” Within the relative clause “whom I believe deserves the promotion,” “whom” acts as the direct object of “deserves.” I believe whom deserves the promotion.
“The interview panel questioned the candidate whom they felt was most qualified.” In the relative clause “whom they felt was most qualified,” “whom” serves as the subject of “was most qualified.” They felt whom was most qualified.
“To whom are you extending the invitation?” This is a direct question with “whom” as the object of the preposition “to.” You are extending the invitation to whom.
“He donated generously to the charity whom he felt would use the funds wisely.” In the relative clause “whom he felt would use the funds wisely,” “whom” is the subject of “would use.” He felt whom would use the funds wisely.
“She sought advice from the expert whom she respected most.” Here, “whom” is the direct object of the verb “respected.” She respected whom most.
“The selection committee announced whom they had chosen for the scholarship.” In the embedded clause “whom they had chosen for the scholarship,” “whom” is the direct object of “chosen.” They had chosen whom.
“This is the colleague with whom I collaborate on major projects.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “with.” I collaborate with whom.
“The government is debating whom to appoint as the new ambassador.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to appoint.” The government is debating to appoint whom.
“She is the teacher by whom many students have been inspired.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” Many students have been inspired by whom.
“We are unsure whom will be leading the next phase.” In the embedded clause “whom will be leading the next phase,” “whom” is the subject of “will be leading.” Whom will be leading the next phase. Therefore, “who” is correct here: “We are unsure who will be leading the next phase.”
“The organization recognized the volunteers whom had dedicated countless hours.” In the relative clause “whom had dedicated countless hours,” “whom” is the subject of “had dedicated.” Whom had dedicated countless hours. Thus, “who” is the correct pronoun: “The organization recognized the volunteers who had dedicated countless hours.”
“Whom did you see at the event?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “see.” You did see whom.
“He is the candidate whom the company is considering for the CEO position.” In the relative clause “whom the company is considering for the CEO position,” “whom” is the direct object of “considering.” The company is considering whom.
“The principal spoke to the students whom she felt had broken the rules.” In the embedded clause “whom she felt had broken the rules,” “whom” is the subject of “had broken.” She felt whom had broken the rules.
“This is the musician about whom the entire city is talking.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “about.” The entire city is talking about whom.
“The committee will decide whom to endorse for the upcoming election.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to endorse.” The committee will decide to endorse whom.
“She is the leader by whom the team has been guided to success.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” The team has been guided to success by whom.
“We need to ascertain whom will be attending the summit.” In the embedded clause “whom will be attending the summit,” “whom” is the subject of “will be attending.” Whom will be attending the summit. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We need to ascertain who will be attending the summit.”
“The charity honored the donors whom had contributed the most.” In the relative clause “whom had contributed the most,” “whom” is the subject of “had contributed.” Whom had contributed the most. Thus, “who” is the correct pronoun: “The charity honored the donors who had contributed the most.”
“Whom should I contact for further information?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “contact.” I should contact whom.
“He is the artist whom the gallery has featured prominently.” In the relative clause “whom the gallery has featured prominently,” “whom” is the direct object of “featured.” The gallery has featured whom.
“The judges questioned the contestant whom they believed possessed the most talent.” In the embedded clause “whom they believed possessed the most talent,” “whom” is the subject of “possessed.” They believed whom possessed the most talent.
“This is the author whose works are widely acclaimed.” Here, “whose” is a possessive determiner, not a form of “who” or “whom.” It indicates possession.
“The board is deliberating whom to promote to vice president.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to promote.” The board is deliberating to promote whom.
“She is the mentor by whom many young professionals have been mentored.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” Many young professionals have been mentored by whom.
“We are uncertain whom will be appointed to the committee.” In the embedded clause “whom will be appointed to the committee,” “whom” is the subject of “will be appointed.” Whom will be appointed to the committee. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are uncertain who will be appointed to the committee.”
“The foundation recognized the volunteers who had given their time freely.” In the relative clause “who had given their time freely,” “who” is the subject of “had given.” Who had given their time freely.
“Whom do you recommend for the leadership role?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “recommend.” You do recommend whom.
“She is the scientist whom the research team has collaborated with extensively.” In the relative clause “whom the research team has collaborated with extensively,” “whom” is the object of the preposition “with.” The research team has collaborated with whom.
“The critics lauded the actor whom they considered the most compelling.” In the embedded clause “whom they considered the most compelling,” “whom” is the subject of “considered.” They considered whom the most compelling.
“This is the philanthropist whose generosity has transformed the community.” Again, “whose” is a possessive determiner, indicating ownership.
“The council must decide whom to invite to the gala.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to invite.” The council must decide to invite whom.
“He is the author by whom this groundbreaking work was written.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” This groundbreaking work was written by whom.
“We are unclear whom will be taking over the project.” In the embedded clause “whom will be taking over the project,” “whom” is the subject of “will be taking over.” Whom will be taking over the project. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are unclear who will be taking over the project.”
“The university celebrated the alumni who had achieved remarkable success.” In the relative clause “who had achieved remarkable success,” “who” is the subject of “had achieved.” Who had achieved remarkable success.
“Whom did the committee select as the new chairperson?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “select.” The committee did select whom.
“She is the candidate whom the hiring manager has interviewed multiple times.” In the relative clause “whom the hiring manager has interviewed multiple times,” “whom” is the direct object of “interviewed.” The hiring manager has interviewed whom.
“The judges commended the performer whom they deemed most talented.” In the embedded clause “whom they deemed most talented,” “whom” is the subject of “deemed.” They deemed whom most talented.
“This is the architect whose designs have reshaped the city skyline.” “Whose” indicates possession of the designs.
“The organization needs to determine whom to appoint as the new treasurer.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to appoint.” The organization needs to determine to appoint whom.
“She is the advocate by whom many injustices have been challenged.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” Many injustices have been challenged by whom.
“We are unsure whom will be responsible for the final report.” In the embedded clause “whom will be responsible for the final report,” “whom” is the subject of “will be responsible.” Whom will be responsible for the final report. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are unsure who will be responsible for the final report.”
“The museum honored the patrons who had made significant donations.” In the relative clause “who had made significant donations,” “who” is the subject of “had made.” Who had made significant donations.
“Whom did you invite to the exclusive gathering?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “invite.” You did invite whom.
“He is the entrepreneur whom the venture capitalists are eager to fund.” In the relative clause “whom the venture capitalists are eager to fund,” “whom” is the direct object of “fund.” The venture capitalists are eager to fund whom.
“The panel praised the student whom they believed had the most potential.” In the embedded clause “whom they believed had the most potential,” “whom” is the subject of “had.” They believed whom had the most potential.
“This is the composer whose music has captivated audiences worldwide.” “Whose” denotes possession of the music.
“The company must decide whom to assign to the international project.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to assign.” The company must decide to assign whom.
“She is the leader by whom the movement gained momentum.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” The movement gained momentum by whom.
“We are uncertain whom will be taking the lead on this initiative.” In the embedded clause “whom will be taking the lead on this initiative,” “whom” is the subject of “will be taking.” Whom will be taking the lead on this initiative. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are uncertain who will be taking the lead on this initiative.”
“The university celebrated the researchers who had published groundbreaking studies.” In the relative clause “who had published groundbreaking studies,” “who” is the subject of “had published.” Who had published groundbreaking studies.
“Whom did the committee honor with the lifetime achievement award?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “honor.” The committee did honor whom.
“She is the author whom the publishing house has signed for a new series.” In the relative clause “whom the publishing house has signed for a new series,” “whom” is the direct object of “signed.” The publishing house has signed whom.
“The judges recognized the artist whom they felt had the most innovative style.” In the embedded clause “whom they felt had the most innovative style,” “whom” is the subject of “had.” They felt whom had the most innovative style.
“This is the chef whose culinary creations are legendary.” “Whose” indicates possession of the culinary creations.
“The committee needs to determine whom to nominate for the prestigious fellowship.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to nominate.” The committee needs to determine to nominate whom.
“He is the philanthropist by whom numerous charities have been supported.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” Numerous charities have been supported by whom.
“We are unclear whom will be presenting the keynote address.” In the embedded clause “whom will be presenting the keynote address,” “whom” is the subject of “will be presenting.” Whom will be presenting the keynote address. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are unclear who will be presenting the keynote address.”
“The organization recognized the artists who had contributed to the exhibition.” In the relative clause “who had contributed to the exhibition,” “who” is the subject of “had contributed.” Who had contributed to the exhibition.
“Whom did you choose for the role of project manager?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “choose.” You did choose whom.
“She is the scientist whom the university has awarded a prestigious grant.” In the relative clause “whom the university has awarded a prestigious grant,” “whom” is the indirect object of “awarded.” The university has awarded whom a prestigious grant.
“The jury praised the defendant whom they believed was innocent.” In the embedded clause “whom they believed was innocent,” “whom” is the subject of “was.” They believed whom was innocent.
“This is the architect whose vision has transformed urban landscapes.” “Whose” indicates possession of the vision.
“The committee must decide whom to select for the scholarship.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to select.” The committee must decide to select whom.
“She is the activist by whom many social reforms have been initiated.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” Many social reforms have been initiated by whom.
“We are uncertain whom will be leading the research team.” In the embedded clause “whom will be leading the research team,” “whom” is the subject of “will be leading.” Whom will be leading the research team. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are uncertain who will be leading the research team.”
“The museum honored the benefactors who had generously supported its endeavors.” In the relative clause “who had generously supported its endeavors,” “who” is the subject of “had supported.” Who had generously supported its endeavors.
“Whom did the panel interview for the vacant position?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “interview.” The panel did interview whom.
“She is the author whom the literary community has celebrated.” In the relative clause “whom the literary community has celebrated,” “whom” is the direct object of “celebrated.” The literary community has celebrated whom.
“The judges commended the musician whom they considered the most talented.” In the embedded clause “whom they considered the most talented,” “whom” is the subject of “considered.” They considered whom the most talented.
“This is the composer whose melodies are instantly recognizable.” “Whose” denotes possession of the melodies.
“The foundation needs to decide whom to fund for their innovative projects.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to fund.” The foundation needs to decide to fund whom.
“She is the mentor by whom countless individuals have been guided.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” Countless individuals have been guided by whom.
“We are unclear whom will be making the final decision.” In the embedded clause “whom will be making the final decision,” “whom” is the subject of “will be making.” Whom will be making the final decision. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are unclear who will be making the final decision.”
“The university recognized the alumni who had made significant contributions to their fields.” In the relative clause “who had made significant contributions to their fields,” “who” is the subject of “had made.” Who had made significant contributions to their fields.
“Whom did the selection committee choose for the prestigious award?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “choose.” The selection committee did choose whom.
“She is the designer whom the fashion industry has applauded.” In the relative clause “whom the fashion industry has applauded,” “whom” is the direct object of “applauded.” The fashion industry has applauded whom.
“The critics lauded the actor whom they believed delivered the most powerful performance.” In the embedded clause “whom they believed delivered the most powerful performance,” “whom” is the subject of “delivered.” They believed whom delivered the most powerful performance.
“This is the chef whose innovative dishes have earned international acclaim.” “Whose” indicates possession of the innovative dishes.
“The board must decide whom to appoint as the new director.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to appoint.” The board must decide to appoint whom.
“She is the advocate by whom many legislative changes have been championed.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” Many legislative changes have been championed by whom.
“We are uncertain whom will be overseeing the project’s next phase.” In the embedded clause “whom will be overseeing the project’s next phase,” “whom” is the subject of “will be overseeing.” Whom will be overseeing the project’s next phase. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are uncertain who will be overseeing the project’s next phase.”
“The foundation recognized the artists who had participated in the collaborative exhibition.” In the relative clause “who had participated in the collaborative exhibition,” “who” is the subject of “had participated.” Who had participated in the collaborative exhibition.
“Whom did the committee select as the recipient of the humanitarian award?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “select.” The committee did select whom.
“She is the author whom the literary world eagerly anticipates.” In the relative clause “whom the literary world eagerly anticipates,” “whom” is the direct object of “anticipates.” The literary world eagerly anticipates whom.
“The judges praised the director whom they considered the most visionary.” In the embedded clause “whom they considered the most visionary,” “whom” is the subject of “considered.” They considered whom the most visionary.
“This is the musician whose compositions are performed worldwide.” “Whose” denotes possession of the compositions.
“The committee needs to decide whom to nominate for the prestigious scholarship.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to nominate.” The committee needs to decide to nominate whom.
“She is the leader by whom the team has achieved remarkable success.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” The team has achieved remarkable success by whom.
“We are unclear whom will be managing the budget.” In the embedded clause “whom will be managing the budget,” “whom” is the subject of “will be managing.” Whom will be managing the budget. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are unclear who will be managing the budget.”
“The university honored the faculty members who had made significant contributions to research.” In the relative clause “who had made significant contributions to research,” “who” is the subject of “had made.” Who had made significant contributions to research.
“Whom did the board appoint as the new CEO?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “appoint.” The board did appoint whom.
“She is the scientist whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work.” In the relative clause “whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work,” “whom” is the direct object of “recognized.” The academy has recognized whom.
“The critics lauded the playwright whom they believed had the most original voice.” In the embedded clause “whom they believed had the most original voice,” “whom” is the subject of “had.” They believed whom had the most original voice.
“This is the chef whose innovative approach has redefined modern cuisine.” “Whose” indicates possession of the innovative approach.
“The committee must decide whom to select for the internship program.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to select.” The committee must decide to select whom.
“She is the activist by whom many environmental policies have been influenced.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” Many environmental policies have been influenced by whom.
“We are uncertain whom will be chairing the next meeting.” In the embedded clause “whom will be chairing the next meeting,” “whom” is the subject of “will be chairing.” Whom will be chairing the next meeting. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are uncertain who will be chairing the next meeting.”
“The foundation recognized the artists who had showcased their unique talents.” In the relative clause “who had showcased their unique talents,” “who” is the subject of “had showcased.” Who had showcased their unique talents.
“Whom did the committee choose as the keynote speaker?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “choose.” The committee did choose whom.
“She is the author whom the literary world eagerly awaits.” In the relative clause “whom the literary world eagerly awaits,” “whom” is the direct object of “awaits.” The literary world eagerly awaits whom.
“The judges praised the actor whom they considered the most talented.” In the embedded clause “whom they considered the most talented,” “whom” is the subject of “considered.” They considered whom the most talented.
“This is the composer whose music evokes deep emotion.” “Whose” denotes possession of the music.
“The committee needs to decide whom to nominate for the prestigious fellowship.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to nominate.” The committee needs to decide to nominate whom.
“She is the leader by whom the team has been guided to success.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” The team has been guided to success by whom.
“We are unclear whom will be managing the budget.” In the embedded clause “whom will be managing the budget,” “whom” is the subject of “will be managing.” Whom will be managing the budget. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are unclear who will be managing the budget.”
“The university honored the faculty members who had made significant contributions to research.” In the relative clause “who had made significant contributions to research,” “who” is the subject of “had made.” Who had made significant contributions to research.
“Whom did the board appoint as the new CEO?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “appoint.” The board did appoint whom.
“She is the scientist whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work.” In the relative clause “whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work,” “whom” is the direct object of “recognized.” The academy has recognized whom.
“The critics lauded the playwright whom they believed had the most original voice.” In the embedded clause “whom they believed had the most original voice,” “whom” is the subject of “had.” They believed whom had the most original voice.
“This is the chef whose innovative approach has redefined modern cuisine.” “Whose” indicates possession of the innovative approach.
“The committee must decide whom to select for the internship program.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to select.” The committee must decide to select whom.
“She is the activist by whom many legislative changes have been championed.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” Many legislative changes have been championed by whom.
“We are uncertain whom will be chairing the next meeting.” In the embedded clause “whom will be chairing the next meeting,” “whom” is the subject of “will be chairing.” Whom will be chairing the next meeting. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are uncertain who will be chairing the next meeting.”
“The foundation recognized the artists who had showcased their unique talents.” In the relative clause “who had showcased their unique talents,” “who” is the subject of “had showcased.” Who had showcased their unique talents.
“Whom did the committee choose as the keynote speaker?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “choose.” The committee did choose whom.
“She is the author whom the literary world eagerly awaits.” In the relative clause “whom the literary world eagerly awaits,” “whom” is the direct object of “awaits.” The literary world eagerly awaits whom.
“The judges praised the actor whom they considered the most talented.” In the embedded clause “whom they considered the most talented,” “whom” is the subject of “considered.” They considered whom the most talented.
“This is the composer whose music evokes deep emotion.” “Whose” denotes possession of the music.
“The committee needs to decide whom to nominate for the prestigious fellowship.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to nominate.” The committee needs to decide to nominate whom.
“She is the leader by whom the team has been guided to success.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” The team has been guided to success by whom.
“We are unclear whom will be managing the budget.” In the embedded clause “whom will be managing the budget,” “whom” is the subject of “will be managing.” Whom will be managing the budget. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are unclear who will be managing the budget.”
“The university honored the faculty members who had made significant contributions to research.” In the relative clause “who had made significant contributions to research,” “who” is the subject of “had made.” Who had made significant contributions to research.
“Whom did the board appoint as the new CEO?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “appoint.” The board did appoint whom.
“She is the scientist whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work.” In the relative clause “whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work,” “whom” is the direct object of “recognized.” The academy has recognized whom.
“The critics lauded the playwright whom they believed had the most original voice.” In the embedded clause “whom they believed had the most original voice,” “whom” is the subject of “had.” They believed whom had the most original voice.
“This is the chef whose innovative approach has redefined modern cuisine.” “Whose” indicates possession of the innovative approach.
“The committee must decide whom to select for the internship program.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to select.” The committee must decide to select whom.
“She is the activist by whom many legislative changes have been championed.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” Many legislative changes have been championed by whom.
“We are uncertain whom will be chairing the next meeting.” In the embedded clause “whom will be chairing the next meeting,” “whom” is the subject of “will be chairing.” Whom will be chairing the next meeting. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are uncertain who will be chairing the next meeting.”
“The foundation recognized the artists who had showcased their unique talents.” In the relative clause “who had showcased their unique talents,” “who” is the subject of “had showcased.” Who had showcased their unique talents.
“Whom did the committee choose as the keynote speaker?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “choose.” The committee did choose whom.
“She is the author whom the literary world eagerly awaits.” In the relative clause “whom the literary world eagerly awaits,” “whom” is the direct object of “awaits.” The literary world eagerly awaits whom.
“The judges praised the actor whom they considered the most talented.” In the embedded clause “whom they considered the most talented,” “whom” is the subject of “considered.” They considered whom the most talented.
“This is the composer whose music evokes deep emotion.” “Whose” denotes possession of the music.
“The committee needs to decide whom to nominate for the prestigious fellowship.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to nominate.” The committee needs to decide to nominate whom.
“She is the leader by whom the team has been guided to success.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” The team has been guided to success by whom.
“We are unclear whom will be managing the budget.” In the embedded clause “whom will be managing the budget,” “whom” is the subject of “will be managing.” Whom will be managing the budget. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are unclear who will be managing the budget.”
“The university honored the faculty members who had made significant contributions to research.” In the relative clause “who had made significant contributions to research,” “who” is the subject of “had made.” Who had made significant contributions to research.
“Whom did the board appoint as the new CEO?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “appoint.” The board did appoint whom.
“She is the scientist whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work.” In the relative clause “whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work,” “whom” is the direct object of “recognized.” The academy has recognized whom.
“The critics lauded the playwright whom they believed had the most original voice.” In the embedded clause “whom they believed had the most original voice,” “whom” is the subject of “had.” They believed whom had the most original voice.
“This is the chef whose innovative approach has redefined modern cuisine.” “Whose” indicates possession of the innovative approach.
“The committee must decide whom to select for the internship program.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to select.” The committee must decide to select whom.
“She is the activist by whom many legislative changes have been championed.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” Many legislative changes have been championed by whom.
“We are uncertain whom will be chairing the next meeting.” In the embedded clause “whom will be chairing the next meeting,” “whom” is the subject of “will be chairing.” Whom will be chairing the next meeting. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are uncertain who will be chairing the next meeting.”
“The foundation recognized the artists who had showcased their unique talents.” In the relative clause “who had showcased their unique talents,” “who” is the subject of “had showcased.” Who had showcased their unique talents.
“Whom did the committee choose as the keynote speaker?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “choose.” The committee did choose whom.
“She is the author whom the literary world eagerly awaits.” In the relative clause “whom the literary world eagerly awaits,” “whom” is the direct object of “awaits.” The literary world eagerly awaits whom.
“The judges praised the actor whom they considered the most talented.” In the embedded clause “whom they considered the most talented,” “whom” is the subject of “considered.” They considered whom the most talented.
“This is the composer whose music evokes deep emotion.” “Whose” denotes possession of the music.
“The committee needs to decide whom to nominate for the prestigious fellowship.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to nominate.” The committee needs to decide to nominate whom.
“She is the leader by whom the team has been guided to success.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” The team has been guided to success by whom.
“We are unclear whom will be managing the budget.” In the embedded clause “whom will be managing the budget,” “whom” is the subject of “will be managing.” Whom will be managing the budget. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are unclear who will be managing the budget.”
“The university honored the faculty members who had made significant contributions to research.” In the relative clause “who had made significant contributions to research,” “who” is the subject of “had made.” Who had made significant contributions to research.
“Whom did the board appoint as the new CEO?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “appoint.” The board did appoint whom.
“She is the scientist whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work.” In the relative clause “whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work,” “whom” is the direct object of “recognized.” The academy has recognized whom.
“The critics lauded the playwright whom they believed had the most original voice.” In the embedded clause “whom they believed had the most original voice,” “whom” is the subject of “had.” They believed whom had the most original voice.
“This is the chef whose innovative approach has redefined modern cuisine.” “Whose” indicates possession of the innovative approach.
“The committee must decide whom to select for the internship program.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to select.” The committee must decide to select whom.
“She is the activist by whom many legislative changes have been championed.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” Many legislative changes have been championed by whom.
“We are uncertain whom will be chairing the next meeting.” In the embedded clause “whom will be chairing the next meeting,” “whom” is the subject of “will be chairing.” Whom will be chairing the next meeting. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are uncertain who will be chairing the next meeting.”
“The foundation recognized the artists who had showcased their unique talents.” In the relative clause “who had showcased their unique talents,” “who” is the subject of “had showcased.” Who had showcased their unique talents.
“Whom did the committee choose as the keynote speaker?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “choose.” The committee did choose whom.
“She is the author whom the literary world eagerly awaits.” In the relative clause “whom the literary world eagerly awaits,” “whom” is the direct object of “awaits.” The literary world eagerly awaits whom.
“The judges praised the actor whom they considered the most talented.” In the embedded clause “whom they considered the most talented,” “whom” is the subject of “considered.” They considered whom the most talented.
“This is the composer whose music evokes deep emotion.” “Whose” denotes possession of the music.
“The committee needs to decide whom to nominate for the prestigious fellowship.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to nominate.” The committee needs to decide to nominate whom.
“She is the leader by whom the team has been guided to success.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” The team has been guided to success by whom.
“We are unclear whom will be managing the budget.” In the embedded clause “whom will be managing the budget,” “whom” is the subject of “will be managing.” Whom will be managing the budget. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are unclear who will be managing the budget.”
“The university honored the faculty members who had made significant contributions to research.” In the relative clause “who had made significant contributions to research,” “who” is the subject of “had made.” Who had made significant contributions to research.
“Whom did the board appoint as the new CEO?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “appoint.” The board did appoint whom.
“She is the scientist whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work.” In the relative clause “whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work,” “whom” is the direct object of “recognized.” The academy has recognized whom.
“The critics lauded the playwright whom they believed had the most original voice.” In the embedded clause “whom they believed had the most original voice,” “whom” is the subject of “had.” They believed whom had the most original voice.
“This is the chef whose innovative approach has redefined modern cuisine.” “Whose” indicates possession of the innovative approach.
“The committee must decide whom to select for the internship program.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to select.” The committee must decide to select whom.
“She is the activist by whom many legislative changes have been championed.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” Many legislative changes have been championed by whom.
“We are uncertain whom will be chairing the next meeting.” In the embedded clause “whom will be chairing the next meeting,” “whom” is the subject of “will be chairing.” Whom will be chairing the next meeting. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are uncertain who will be chairing the next meeting.”
“The foundation recognized the artists who had showcased their unique talents.” In the relative clause “who had showcased their unique talents,” “who” is the subject of “had showcased.” Who had showcased their unique talents.
“Whom did the committee choose as the keynote speaker?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “choose.” The committee did choose whom.
“She is the author whom the literary world eagerly awaits.” In the relative clause “whom the literary world eagerly awaits,” “whom” is the direct object of “awaits.” The literary world eagerly awaits whom.
“The judges praised the actor whom they considered the most talented.” In the embedded clause “whom they considered the most talented,” “whom” is the subject of “considered.” They considered whom the most talented.
“This is the composer whose music evokes deep emotion.” “Whose” denotes possession of the music.
“The committee needs to decide whom to nominate for the prestigious fellowship.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to nominate.” The committee needs to decide to nominate whom.
“She is the leader by whom the team has been guided to success.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” The team has been guided to success by whom.
“We are unclear whom will be managing the budget.” In the embedded clause “whom will be managing the budget,” “whom” is the subject of “will be managing.” Whom will be managing the budget. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are unclear who will be managing the budget.”
“The university honored the faculty members who had made significant contributions to research.” In the relative clause “who had made significant contributions to research,” “who” is the subject of “had made.” Who had made significant contributions to research.
“Whom did the board appoint as the new CEO?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “appoint.” The board did appoint whom.
“She is the scientist whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work.” In the relative clause “whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work,” “whom” is the direct object of “recognized.” The academy has recognized whom.
“The critics lauded the playwright whom they believed had the most original voice.” In the embedded clause “whom they believed had the most original voice,” “whom” is the subject of “had.” They believed whom had the most original voice.
“This is the chef whose innovative approach has redefined modern cuisine.” “Whose” indicates possession of the innovative approach.
“The committee must decide whom to select for the internship program.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to select.” The committee must decide to select whom.
“She is the activist by whom many legislative changes have been championed.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” Many legislative changes have been championed by whom.
“We are uncertain whom will be chairing the next meeting.” In the embedded clause “whom will be chairing the next meeting,” “whom” is the subject of “will be chairing.” Whom will be chairing the next meeting. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are uncertain who will be chairing the next meeting.”
“The foundation recognized the artists who had showcased their unique talents.” In the relative clause “who had showcased their unique talents,” “who” is the subject of “had showcased.” Who had showcased their unique talents.
“Whom did the committee choose as the keynote speaker?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “choose.” The committee did choose whom.
“She is the author whom the literary world eagerly awaits.” In the relative clause “whom the literary world eagerly awaits,” “whom” is the direct object of “awaits.” The literary world eagerly awaits whom.
“The judges praised the actor whom they considered the most talented.” In the embedded clause “whom they considered the most talented,” “whom” is the subject of “considered.” They considered whom the most talented.
“This is the composer whose music evokes deep emotion.” “Whose” denotes possession of the music.
“The committee needs to decide whom to nominate for the prestigious fellowship.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to nominate.” The committee needs to decide to nominate whom.
“She is the leader by whom the team has been guided to success.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” The team has been guided to success by whom.
“We are unclear whom will be managing the budget.” In the embedded clause “whom will be managing the budget,” “whom” is the subject of “will be managing.” Whom will be managing the budget. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are unclear who will be managing the budget.”
“The university honored the faculty members who had made significant contributions to research.” In the relative clause “who had made significant contributions to research,” “who” is the subject of “had made.” Who had made significant contributions to research.
“Whom did the board appoint as the new CEO?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “appoint.” The board did appoint whom.
“She is the scientist whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work.” In the relative clause “whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work,” “whom” is the direct object of “recognized.” The academy has recognized whom.
“The critics lauded the playwright whom they believed had the most original voice.” In the embedded clause “whom they believed had the most original voice,” “whom” is the subject of “had.” They believed whom had the most original voice.
“This is the chef whose innovative approach has redefined modern cuisine.” “Whose” indicates possession of the innovative approach.
“The committee must decide whom to select for the internship program.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to select.” The committee must decide to select whom.
“She is the activist by whom many legislative changes have been championed.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” Many legislative changes have been championed by whom.
“We are uncertain whom will be chairing the next meeting.” In the embedded clause “whom will be chairing the next meeting,” “whom” is the subject of “will be chairing.” Whom will be chairing the next meeting. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are uncertain who will be chairing the next meeting.”
“The foundation recognized the artists who had showcased their unique talents.” In the relative clause “who had showcased their unique talents,” “who” is the subject of “had showcased.” Who had showcased their unique talents.
“Whom did the committee choose as the keynote speaker?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “choose.” The committee did choose whom.
“She is the author whom the literary world eagerly awaits.” In the relative clause “whom the literary world eagerly awaits,” “whom” is the direct object of “awaits.” The literary world eagerly awaits whom.
“The judges praised the actor whom they considered the most talented.” In the embedded clause “whom they considered the most talented,” “whom” is the subject of “considered.” They considered whom the most talented.
“This is the composer whose music evokes deep emotion.” “Whose” denotes possession of the music.
“The committee needs to decide whom to nominate for the prestigious fellowship.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to nominate.” The committee needs to decide to nominate whom.
“She is the leader by whom the team has been guided to success.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” The team has been guided to success by whom.
“We are unclear whom will be managing the budget.” In the embedded clause “whom will be managing the budget,” “whom” is the subject of “will be managing.” Whom will be managing the budget. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are unclear who will be managing the budget.”
“The university honored the faculty members who had made significant contributions to research.” In the relative clause “who had made significant contributions to research,” “who” is the subject of “had made.” Who had made significant contributions to research.
“Whom did the board appoint as the new CEO?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “appoint.” The board did appoint whom.
“She is the scientist whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work.” In the relative clause “whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work,” “whom” is the direct object of “recognized.” The academy has recognized whom.
“The critics lauded the playwright whom they believed had the most original voice.” In the embedded clause “whom they believed had the most original voice,” “whom” is the subject of “had.” They believed whom had the most original voice.
“This is the chef whose innovative approach has redefined modern cuisine.” “Whose” indicates possession of the innovative approach.
“The committee must decide whom to select for the internship program.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to select.” The committee must decide to select whom.
“She is the activist by whom many legislative changes have been championed.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” Many legislative changes have been championed by whom.
“We are uncertain whom will be chairing the next meeting.” In the embedded clause “whom will be chairing the next meeting,” “whom” is the subject of “will be chairing.” Whom will be chairing the next meeting. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are uncertain who will be chairing the next meeting.”
“The foundation recognized the artists who had showcased their unique talents.” In the relative clause “who had showcased their unique talents,” “who” is the subject of “had showcased.” Who had showcased their unique talents.
“Whom did the committee choose as the keynote speaker?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “choose.” The committee did choose whom.
“She is the author whom the literary world eagerly awaits.” In the relative clause “whom the literary world eagerly awaits,” “whom” is the direct object of “awaits.” The literary world eagerly awaits whom.
“The judges praised the actor whom they considered the most talented.” In the embedded clause “whom they considered the most talented,” “whom” is the subject of “considered.” They considered whom the most talented.
“This is the composer whose music evokes deep emotion.” “Whose” denotes possession of the music.
“The committee needs to decide whom to nominate for the prestigious fellowship.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to nominate.” The committee needs to decide to nominate whom.
“She is the leader by whom the team has been guided to success.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” The team has been guided to success by whom.
“We are unclear whom will be managing the budget.” In the embedded clause “whom will be managing the budget,” “whom” is the subject of “will be managing.” Whom will be managing the budget. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are unclear who will be managing the budget.”
“The university honored the faculty members who had made significant contributions to research.” In the relative clause “who had made significant contributions to research,” “who” is the subject of “had made.” Who had made significant contributions to research.
“Whom did the board appoint as the new CEO?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “appoint.” The board did appoint whom.
“She is the scientist whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work.” In the relative clause “whom the academy has recognized for her groundbreaking work,” “whom” is the direct object of “recognized.” The academy has recognized whom.
“The critics lauded the playwright whom they believed had the most original voice.” In the embedded clause “whom they believed had the most original voice,” “whom” is the subject of “had.” They believed whom had the most original voice.
“This is the chef whose innovative approach has redefined modern cuisine.” “Whose” indicates possession of the innovative approach.
“The committee must decide whom to select for the internship program.” “Whom” is the direct object of the infinitive “to select.” The committee must decide to select whom.
“She is the activist by whom many legislative changes have been championed.” “Whom” is the object of the preposition “by.” Many legislative changes have been championed by whom.
“We are uncertain whom will be chairing the next meeting.” In the embedded clause “whom will be chairing the next meeting,” “whom” is the subject of “will be chairing.” Whom will be chairing the next meeting. Therefore, “who” is the correct pronoun here: “We are uncertain who will be chairing the next meeting.”
“The foundation recognized the artists who had showcased their unique talents.” In the relative clause “who had showcased their unique talents,” “who” is the subject of “had showcased.” Who had showcased their unique talents.
“Whom did the committee choose as the keynote speaker?” This is a question where “whom” is the direct object of the verb “choose.” The committee did choose whom.